Cistern systems are increasingly being adopted by U.S. homeowners and professionals for water conservation, stormwater management, and off-grid water storage. Whether for residential or commercial use, the correct installation and ongoing maintenance of a cistern are critical to ensure long-term functionality and water quality. This article provides a detailed overview of key installation steps, material standards, and maintenance practices based on official construction guidelines and technical resources.
Cistern Installation Overview
Cistern installation is a multi-step process that must be carefully executed to meet structural, safety, and performance requirements. The installation process varies depending on whether the cistern is above-ground or subsurface. However, several common elements are applicable across both types.
Key Installation Steps
Temporary Flow Diversion: Before installation, it is necessary to install temporary flow diversion measures. These are used to prevent runoff from reaching the construction site during the installation phase. Once the site is permanently stabilized, these measures are removed to allow water to flow into the cistern.
Cistern Placement: The cistern must be installed according to manufacturer specifications or the design provided by a professional engineer. For subsurface cisterns, additional guidance from Section 4.8 (Subsurface Detention) is recommended to ensure proper placement and stability.
Outlet Control System Installation: The outlet control system must be installed in accordance with manufacturer or design specifications. Guidance on material standards and construction for outlet controls can be found in Section 4.12.
Inlet and Pretreatment Systems: Inlet controls and pretreatment systems should be installed following manufacturer or design professional instructions. These systems help filter debris and prevent sediment from entering the cistern. Temporary flow diversion or inlet protection is recommended during the initial phase to avoid contamination from unstabilized areas.
Serviceway and Maintenance Access: Serviceways should be constructed with lockable manhole covers to allow access for inspection, repair, and cleaning. The number of access points depends on the cistern size. Cleanouts must have a smooth interior with a minimum diameter of four inches, matching the connecting pipe size up to eight inches.
Post-Installation Setup: Once the cistern is installed and all systems are in place, the temporary flow diversion and erosion control measures are removed to allow normal water flow into the cistern.
Material Standards and Specifications
Cistern construction requires adherence to specific material standards to ensure durability, safety, and compliance with local codes.
Material Requirements
Cleanouts: Must be made of smooth interior material with a minimum inner diameter of four inches. If the connecting pipe is larger than eight inches, the cleanout must also be eight inches in diameter.
First-Flush Diverter System: This system must include an accessible cleanout to allow for periodic inspection and cleaning.
Serviceways: Must consist of lockable manhole covers to secure access points. These help prevent unauthorized access and ensure that maintenance can be performed safely.
Cistern Construction: Cisterns should be constructed using materials that are resistant to corrosion and degradation. For subsurface cisterns, additional guidance from Section 4.8 is recommended.
Cistern Liner Installation
A cistern liner is a critical component of the water storage system, as it prevents leaks and ensures the integrity of the stored water. Proper liner installation is essential to avoid contamination and system failure.
Liner Installation Best Practices
Material Selection: Choose a liner that is compatible with the type of water being stored and the tank material. The liner should be resistant to UV degradation and chemical exposure.
Tank Preparation: Before installing the liner, ensure the tank is clean and free of debris. Any sharp edges or protrusions should be smoothed to prevent punctures.
Fitting Protection: Locate and protect all fittings to ensure a leak-free seal. This includes valves, inlets, and outlets that must be properly sealed around the liner.
Secure Installation: The liner should be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Careful attention must be paid to ensuring that the liner is properly seated and secured to prevent shifting or tearing.
DIY Installation Considerations
For above-ground cisterns, homeowners with the right tools and knowledge may be able to install the system themselves. However, in-ground cisterns typically require professional installation due to the complexity involved, including ground excavation and advanced plumbing techniques.
When to Hire a Professional
In-Ground Cisterns: These installations require heavy machinery and expertise in plumbing and excavation. It is strongly recommended to hire a qualified professional for these types of projects.
Complex Systems: If the cistern is part of a larger water management system or includes advanced components like pretreatment systems or outlet controls, professional installation is advisable.
Uncertainty or Lack of Experience: If a homeowner feels unsure about the installation process or lacks the necessary tools and experience, hiring a local contractor is the safest option.
Maintenance and Long-Term Care
Regular maintenance is essential to ensure that the cistern continues to function efficiently and that the stored water remains clean and usable.
Key Maintenance Tasks
Water Testing: Conduct water tests twice a year to check for contamination. Possible sources include cracks, bacterial growth, and debris from the roof or surrounding areas.
Cleaning and Sanitizing: If the water is found to be contaminated, discolored, or has an unpleasant odor, the cistern should be drained, sanitized, and refilled. It is recommended that this be done by a professional to prevent re-contamination.
Insulation for Cold Climates: In areas with freezing temperatures, insulate the cistern to prevent water from freezing. Methods include using heat bulbs or applying foam insulation around the tank.
Leak Detection and Repair: Regularly inspect the cistern for leaks. If a leak is found, replace the rubber washer on the inlet valve and tighten the inlet nut. Ensure that the water connector is in good condition and properly tightened.
Float Adjustment: If the water level is too high or too low, the float level on the inlet valve can be adjusted. For small adjustments, use the micro float adjustment. For larger changes, the height clip can be removed, and the valve can be repositioned accordingly.
Filter Maintenance: The inlet valve may have a white filter that should be cleaned periodically. If the filter becomes clogged, it can restrict water flow and should be removed with pliers, rinsed thoroughly, and reinserted.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Cisterns, like any water storage system, can experience issues that affect performance. Understanding how to troubleshoot common problems can help maintain system efficiency.
Common Issues and Solutions
Inlet Valve on the Wrong Side: If the inlet valve is installed on the wrong side of the cistern, it can be moved by removing the inlet stopper and valve and reinstalling them on the opposite side. Ensure that both the stopper and valve are properly secured to prevent leaks.
Water Level Too High or Too Low: Adjust the float level on the inlet valve. For minor changes, use the micro float adjustment. For major adjustments, remove the height clip, reposition the valve, and lock it in place.
Inlet Valve Fails to Access Water: Ensure that the mini cistern tap and water source are turned on. If water still does not flow, the white filter at the bottom of the inlet valve may be clogged. Remove the filter with pliers, rinse it, and reinsert it.
Leakage from Inlet Valve: Replace the rubber washer if necessary and tighten the inlet nut. Check that the water connector is in good condition and adequately tightened.
Leakage from Outlet Valve: Ensure that the button prongs are not too long and that the seating washer is properly positioned. The seating washer should push against the valve to create a secure seal.
Professional Installation and Maintenance
For homeowners who are unsure about the installation process or who require more complex systems, hiring a professional is the best option. Qualified installers can ensure that the cistern is properly set up, including all necessary piping and connections to the home’s plumbing system.
Benefits of Professional Installation
Accuracy and Safety: Professionals have the tools and experience to install the cistern correctly and safely, reducing the risk of leaks, contamination, or system failure.
Compliance with Standards: Professional installers are familiar with local codes and material standards, ensuring that the cistern meets all regulatory requirements.
Efficient Setup: A professional can complete the installation more quickly and efficiently, especially for in-ground or complex systems that require specialized equipment.
Long-Term Support: Many professional services also offer ongoing maintenance and support, which can help extend the life of the cistern and ensure continued performance.
Conclusion
Cistern installation and maintenance require careful planning, adherence to material standards, and regular inspection to ensure long-term functionality. Whether installed by a professional or a homeowner, the system must be constructed and maintained according to manufacturer guidelines and design specifications. Regular water testing, cleaning, and component inspections are essential to prevent contamination and system failure. By following the outlined steps and best practices, homeowners can ensure that their cistern remains a reliable and efficient water storage solution for years to come.